[93] Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen. She feared that the French planned to invade England and put her Catholic cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, on the throne. Elizabeth II was born on April 21, 1926, in London. 358–359; Lacey, pp. Born third in the line of succession, Elizabeth became the presumptive heir to the throne in 1936, following the abdication of her uncle Edward VIII and the ascension of her father, George VI. [191] On 20 April 2018, the government leaders of the Commonwealth of Nations announced that she will be succeeded by Charles as head of the Commonwealth. [131] Republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of the Queen's private wealth—which were contradicted by the Palace—and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family. 522–526, Lacey, p. 319; Marr, p. 315; Pimlott, pp. [161] By invitation of the Irish President, Mary McAleese, she made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011. In 1971, Jock Colville, her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth at £2 million (equivalent to about £28 million in 2019[220]). [21], In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War. Elizabeth was the elder daughter of Prince Albert, duke of York, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon. [188] Her Platinum Jubilee is planned for 2022. For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war. [109] In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found the Queen "better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats". In a monarchy, a king or queen is Head of State. [153], Though generally healthy throughout her life, in 2003 the Queen had keyhole surgery on both knees. The queen took the throne at … I hope also that this Jubilee year will be a time to give thanks for the great advances that have been made since 1952 and to look forward to the future with clear head and warm heart. She was the daughter of Henry the VIII and Anne Boleyn. [28] She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and sadness of war. [125] The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup. [228] The British Crown Estate—with holdings of £14.3 billion in 2019[231]—is held in trust and cannot be sold or owned by her in a personal capacity. [80] Throughout her reign, the Queen has made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth; she is the most widely travelled head of state. Marten, afterward provost of Eton College, and had instruction from visiting teachers in music and languages. 119, 126, 135, Letters Patent, 22 October 1948; Hoey, pp. The England inherited by Elizabeth in 1558 was deeply divided. The queen’s other children were Princess Anne (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise), born August 15, 1950, and created princess royal in 1987; Prince Andrew (Andrew Albert Christian Edward), born February 19, 1960, and created duke of York in 1986; and Prince Edward (Edward Anthony Richard Louis), born March 10, 1964, and created earl of Wessex and Viscount Severn in 1999. [124] Brian Mulroney, Canadian prime minister between 1984 and 1993, said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid. They took residence at Clarence House in London. Britain's Queen Elizabeth II, accompanied by her husband, Prince Philip, waving to well-wishers as she rides to St. Paul's Cathedral for a service celebrating her Golden Jubilee in 2002. [60] She and the Duke of Edinburgh moved into Buckingham Palace. When Princess Elizabeth was 19 she was allowed to join the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Services … [225] She was number one on the list when it began in the Sunday Times Rich List 1989, with a reported wealth of £5.2 billion, which included state assets that were not hers personally,[226] (approximately £13 billion in today's value). [230]) Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are personally owned by the Queen. Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic. 22, 210–213; Lacey, pp. The children remained in Britain. [148] As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated. As part of her “Golden Jubilee,” events were held throughout the Commonwealth, including several days of festivities in London. [84], The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, to the first major personal criticism of the Queen. ; Pimlott, p. 207; Roberts, p. 82, Brandreth, p. 278; Marr, p. 126; Pimlott, p. 224; Shawcross, p. 59, Marr, pp. The first official portrait of Elizabeth was taken by Marcus Adams in 1926. Princess Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor was born to the Duke and Duchess of York—later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother—on April 21, 1926. 226–238; Pimlott, pp. [94][95] No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; the Queen's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted. Early in 1947 Princess Elizabeth went with the king and queen to South Africa. 173–176; Shawcross, p.16, Bousfield and Toffoli, p. 72; Charteris quoted in Pimlott, p. 179 and Shawcross, p. 17, Bradford, p. 80; Brandreth, pp. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour. In 1992, a year that Elizabeth referred to as the royal family’s annus horribilis, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, princess of Wales, separated, as did Prince Andrew and his wife, Sarah, duchess of York. Queen Elizabeth II is one of a kind. [143], In August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris. [223] In 2002, she inherited an estate worth an estimated £70 million from her mother. [141] Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself and the Queen's wider family rather than her own behaviour and actions. Her coronation was held at Westminster Abbey on June 2, 1953. [64], Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé‚ 16 years Margaret's senior, with two sons from his previous marriage. She is also a descendant of Queen Victoria. Her sister and mother died in February and March respectively, and the media speculated whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... (From left) Queen Elizabeth, King George VI, Princess Margaret, and Princess Elizabeth, 1939. She was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London house: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Of … [120] Thatcher reputedly said the Queen would vote for the Social Democratic Party—Thatcher's political opponents. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. [162], The Queen's 2012 Diamond Jubilee marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. Queen Elizabeth has already broken records as the longest-reigning monarch, not just in Great Britain, but throughout the world. Sir Gerald Wollaston reading the official proclamation of Elizabeth being queen of England, February 8, 1952. [221][222] In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated". At birth, Elizabeth was heir … Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was the Queen of England and Ireland.She was queen from 17 November 1558 until she died in March 1603. 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[205] Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism. [98], The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean. [16] Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, and she became heir presumptive. [132] In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, and his wife, Sarah, separated; in April, her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips;[133] during a state visit to Germany in October, angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at her;[134] and, in November, a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences. This is kind of a no-brainer since Brits love tea so much and Queen Elizabeth II rules all Brits! 104–114; Pimlott, pp. Eden resigned two months later. Elizabeth Tudor is considered by many to be the greatest monarch in English history. She was a Protestant queen taking over a Catholic country; it would certainly be a challenge to establish a new Protestant settlement. [103] As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to the Queen to reverse Kerr's decision. 449–450; Roberts, p. 87; Shawcross, pp. Lifestyle. [27] In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities. Between 1956 and 1992, the number of her realms varied as territories gained independence, and as realms, including South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (renamed Sri Lanka), became republics. In 1957, after state visits to various European nations, she and the duke visited Canada and the United States. If her parents had had a later son, he would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession, which was determined by male-preference primogeniture at the time. How The Queen and Members of The Royal Family celebrate . In a magazine, which he owned and edited,[85] Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch". Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan. Queen Victoria. [37] In 1946, she was inducted into the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales. Speech to the Troops at Tilbury Delegation on Her Marriage, 1559 On Religion, 1559 Response to Erik of Sweden's Proposal, 1560 The Queen's Speech in Parliament April 10, 1563 Delegation on Her Marriage, 1566 [194] She does have a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and takes her coronation oath seriously. [187] Prince Philip had retired from his official duties as the Queen's consort in August. She was also called Good Queen Bess or the Virgin Queen or Gloriana. Popularly known as the Virgin Queen, her 45 years of reign marked a … [83], The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Famous speeches of Queen Elizabeth I of England Here is a list of famous speeches given by Queen Elizabeth I of England during her life time. [70][d] Elizabeth's coronation gown was embroidered on her instructions with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries:[74] English Tudor rose; Scots thistle; Welsh leek; Irish shamrock; Australian wattle; Canadian maple leaf; New Zealand silver fern; South African protea; lotus flowers for India and Ceylon; and Pakistan's wheat, cotton, and jute. 66–67, 84, 87–89; Bradford, pp. [20] Later, she was enrolled as a Sea Ranger. She was represented at the summit in Sri Lanka by Prince Charles. [212], In November 1999, a referendum in Australia on the future of the Australian monarchy favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state. 124–125; Pimlott, p. 86, Bond, p. 10; Brandreth, pp. The celebrations were somewhat diminished by the deaths of Elizabeth’s mother and sister early in the year. Visit . If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession. Elizabeth's mother Jacquetta was the daughter of a Count and a descendant of Simon de Montfort and his wife Eleanor, the daughter of England's King John.Jacquetta was the wealthy and childless widow of the Duke of Bedford, brother of Henry V, when she married Sir Richard Woodville. Her father ascended the throne on the abdication of his brother King Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. Queen Elizabeth I was an influential Queen of England reigning during a time of economic, political and religious upheaval. Elizabeth assumed the title of queen upon her father’s death in 1952. [149] She made a speech and praised Philip for his role as a consort, referring to him as "my strength and stay". In a serious lapse of security, assistance only arrived after two calls to the Palace police switchboard. She inherited a bankrupt nation, torn by religious discord, a weakened pawn between the great powers of France and Spain. After her father died in 1952, Eliz… [160] The Queen's 11-day visit to Australia in October 2011 was her 16th visit to the country since 1954. It is a very well written article, but the reader will not find much about Elizabeth or Henry's excommunication. [169] For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. She was also called Good Queen Bess or the Virgin Queen or Gloriana.. She was the daughter of King Henry VIII of England and Anne Boleyn, his second wife, and was the last of the Tudor dynasty of monarchs. "[65] Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. The surname Windsor proudly retained by Queen Elizabeth II was first assumed by the British royals during World War I. [215] Referendums in Tuvalu in 2008 and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009 both rejected proposals to become republics. In 2000, she said: To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance. [52] The Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, was not invited either. [126][146] Pressured by the hostile reaction, the Queen agreed to return to London and do a live television broadcast on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral. Elizabeth II with (from left) Princess Anne, Prince Philip, Prince Andrew, and Prince Charles. She was queen from 17 November 1558 until she died in March 1603. [174] She had cataract surgery in May 2018. Buckingham Palace officials said in a … "[35], During the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. [77] In 1953, the Queen and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles by land, sea and air. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public. The England inherited by Elizabeth in 1558 was deeply divided. 145, 159–163, 167, Brandreth, pp. The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth Secretary-General Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation. 88–89, Lacey, p. 281; Pimlott, pp. In each of her realms she has a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Jamaica and her other realms and territories in Jamaica, Queen of Australia and her other realms and territories in Australia, etc. [211] Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of the former Princess of Wales, Diana, although Elizabeth's personal popularity—as well as general support for the monarchy—rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death. [138] The year ended with a lawsuit, as the Queen sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast. [40] They are second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria. [229] (The Paradise Papers, leaked in 2017, show that the Duchy of Lancaster held investments in two tax haven overseas territories, the Cayman Islands and Bermuda. "[119] Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." [62] The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. 14–16, Crawford, p. 26; Pimlott, p. 20; Shawcross, p. 21, Brandreth, p. 124; Lacey, pp. Britain's Queen Elizabeth, Prince Charles, Prince William and Prince George pose for a photo to mark the Queen's 90th birthday, in the White Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace, London. She returned to Buckingham Palace the following day. [163], She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf. 253–254; Lacey, pp. Photos, videos and interviews of the UK Head of State. Captain Tom Moore to be knighted by the Queen at Windsor on Friday. When she became queen in 1558, she was twenty-five years old, a survivor of scandal and danger, and considered illegitimate by most Europeans. On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session. In 2012 Elizabeth celebrated her “Diamond Jubilee,” marking 60 years on the throne. On the accession of Queen Elizabeth, her son Prince Charles became heir apparent; he was named prince of Wales on July 26, 1958, and was so invested on July 1, 1969. She presided over an era of economic and political expansion, which lay the framework for Britain’s later dominance as a world power. [108], According to Paul Martin Sr., by the end of the 1970s the Queen was worried the Crown "had little meaning for" Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian prime minister. I won't leave without the King. [147] In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes. 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