Faith-based efforts to combat human trafficking take many forms and operate in different ways, adapting to a particular context or sector, or to the culture of the communities and countries in which they serve. The message at the heart of each edition, however, has been steadfast: there is no excuse for human trafficking, and governments must address it with bold action. The Trafficking in Persons Report, or the TIP Report, is an annual report issued by the U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons.It ranks governments based on their perceived efforts to acknowledge and combat human trafficking.. The last 20 years have shown that criminalizing all forms of human trafficking and providing victims with access to comprehensive care require commitment and time. Netherlands $4,022,000 Whether the percentage of victims of severe forms of trafficking in the country that are non-citizens of such countries is insignificant. Twenty years later, her family’s debt has grown to more than twice their average annual income, which has left Kim with no option but to put her own 11-year-old son to work at the kiln as well. Antigua and Barbuda NATO Human Trafficking Policy (2004) to be up-dated in 2021. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_173057.htm?selectedLocale=en, [Scroll bar is available at the bottom of the table; or download PDF version [69 KB]. Kenya Ryan Mulvenna Between 2007 and 2019, the UN received 1,033 allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse, including instances of sex trafficking, by UN peacekeeping mission members. Equatorial Guinea Many people around the world dream of becoming professional athletes, drawn by the fame, multi-million-dollar contracts, lucrative brand sponsorships, and opportunities to travel around the world. Extraterritorial commercial child sexual exploitation and abuse concerns child sex trafficking, specifically when a perpetrator travels to another country and engages in a commercial sex act with a child. (iv) any person under 18 years of age who has been recruited or used in hostilities by armed forces distinct from the armed forces of a state. Whether the government of the country monitors immigration and emigration patterns for evidence of severe forms of trafficking in persons and whether law enforcement agencies of the country respond to any such evidence in a manner that is consistent with the vigorous investigation and prosecution of acts of such trafficking, as well as with the protection of human rights of victims and the internationally recognized human right to leave any country, including one’s own, and to return to one’s own country. Page 547: Elisabetta Zavoli It has tracked the seriousness with which governments take this issue, not just in verbal commitments but also in concrete action. the extent to which the country is a country of origin, transit, or destination for severe forms of trafficking; the extent to which the country’s government does not meet the TVPA’s minimum standards and, in particular, the extent to which officials or government employees have been complicit in severe forms of trafficking; reasonable measures that the government would need to undertake to be in compliance with the minimum standards in light of the government’s resources and capabilities to address and eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons; the extent to which the government is devoting sufficient budgetary resources to investigate and prosecute human trafficking, convict and sentence traffickers; and obtain restitution for victims of human trafficking; and. Justifications for Waivers and Exceptions. Chile Reda Shoukr has dedicated her career to improving the lives of human trafficking survivors. The following are but a few examples of faith-based anti-trafficking efforts. Turkey For years thereafter, the kiln owner used the debt to coerce and manipulate Kim’s family to continue to work. And while the UN has the authority to dismiss offending personnel from missions, complicit peacekeepers rarely face a formal criminal justice process. Steven Davis Indonesia In an effort to incentivize continuous improvement, the reauthorization limited the number of consecutive years a country could remain on the Tier 2 Watch List to two consecutive years, after which it would be automatically downgraded to Tier 3 should it fail to make improvements that would warrant an upgrade. To treat survivors, providers should. When there is no access to…other sources of comfort, people may turn toward their tormentors.” Therefore, a victim’s social and economic circumstances may contribute to their developing a sense of trust and loyalty towards a trafficker. Soon after arriving, Sofia’s fiancé handed her an itemized bill for every meal, trip, and gift he had ever purchased for her. Moldova By contrast, faith-based organizations serve in many different cities, provinces, and countries. Within the relationship, there is familiarity and consistency, while leaving the relationship presents the risk of the unknown. Colonel Karma Rigzin has been a leading advocate for increasing efforts to combat trafficking in Bhutan. Whether the government of the country has adopted measures to prevent severe forms of trafficking in persons, such as measures to inform and educate the public, including potential victims, about the causes and consequences of severe forms of trafficking in persons, measures to establish the identity of local populations, including birth registration, citizenship, and nationality, measures to ensure that its nationals who are deployed abroad as part of a diplomatic, peacekeeping, or other similar mission do not engage in or facilitate severe forms of trafficking in persons or exploit victims of such trafficking, a transparent system for remediating or punishing such public officials as a deterrent, measures to prevent the use of forced labor or child labor in violation of international standards, effective bilateral, multilateral, or regional information sharing and cooperation arrangements with other countries, and effective policies or laws regulating foreign labor recruiters and holding them civilly and criminally liable for fraudulent recruiting. When Ted was 10, his mother began dating a new man. Internationally, experts recognize both the short- and long-term health consequences as well as the public health burden of human trafficking. The Law against Trafficking in Persons of 2015 criminalized sex trafficking and labor trafficking and prescribed penalties ranging from 10 to 15 years’ imprisonment; these penalties were sufficiently stringent and, with respect to sex trafficking, commensurate with penalties prescribed for other serious crimes, such as rape. Similarly, anti-trafficking stakeholders rely on the TIP Report to better understand the realities in a given country and use the report as a tool for advocacy. Mary C. Ellison 2019 – Two laws enacted in 2019 as part of the most recent TVPA reauthorization package called for a number of changes to the TIP Report ranking process. Identification and referral. Since 2003 she has devoted her life’s work to helping women realize their own agency and power and develop as leaders. Through these projects, Latvia helped increase the EU’s scrutiny of human trafficking in the form of sham marriages, an overlooked but widespread issue within the EU. It functions as a network of networks to connect women religious in more than 92 countries to facilitate collaboration and the exchange of experiences and to help strengthen efforts to combat human trafficking. Adult-focused interventions require additional empirical research on the role of trauma bonding. Jordan By leaving a trauma bond, a survivor may risk experiencing intense anger and sadness, numbness, negative expectations about the future, and internal disorder. The Bahamas 1), http://scm.oas.org/IDMS/Redirectpage.aspx?class=XXXIX.4%20RTP-IV/doc.&classNum=4&lang=e, Inter-American Declaration against Trafficking in Persons “Declaration of Brasilia” (2014), Hemispheric Efforts against Trafficking in Persons “Declaration of Mexico” (2018), Advancing Hemispheric Security: A Multidimensional Approach (AG/RES.2945 XLIX-O/19), http://scm.oas.org/IDMS/Redirectpage.aspx?class=AG/doc.&classNum=5682&lang=e, Progress Report: II Work Plan Against Trafficking in Persons In The Western Hemisphere 2015-2018, http://mneguidelines.oecd.org/OECD-Due-Diligence-Guidance-Garment-Footwear.pdf. Karen Vierling Allen Traffickers are denying nearly 25 million people their fundamental right to freedom, forcing them to live enslaved and toil for their exploiter’s profit. The 2020 TIP Report covers government efforts undertaken from April 1, 2019 through March 31, 2020. The Department of State prepared this report using information from U.S. embassies, government officials, nongovernmental and international organizations, published reports, news articles, academic studies, research trips to every region of the world, and information submitted to tipreport@state.gov. Countries in Violation of the Standards Under the CSPA in 2019. Palau In a historic step, these religious leaders of the world’s major religions gathered and proclaimed in unison that their sacred texts do not support human trafficking. 333 Saudi Arabia Twenty years ago, when the United States Congress passed the TVPA mandating this report, it signaled the U.S. government’s resolve to fight human trafficking and marked a pivot from indignation to positive action. Zambia, Afghanistan Colonel Rigzin has developed innovative practices for compiling human trafficking-related data and was responsible for establishing a human trafficking awareness program for Bhutanese citizens traveling overseas for employment. Italy Through her NGO, Interaction, Alistratova played a key role in convincing local authorities of the need to adopt laws to prevent human trafficking. Listen to survivors. Myrna E. Walch Chaiszar Turner Megan Hjelle-Lantsman For the knowing commission of any act of sex trafficking involving force, fraud, coercion, or in which the victim of sex trafficking is a child incapable of giving meaningful consent, or of trafficking which includes rape or kidnapping or which causes a death, the government of the country should prescribe punishment commensurate with that for grave crimes, such as forcible sexual assault. Tanzania L. 115-425), and generally consistent with the provisions of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, the term “child soldier” means: (i) any person under 18 years of age who takes a direct part in hostilities as a member of governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces; (ii) any person under 18 years of age who has been compulsorily recruited into governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces; (iii) any person under 15 years of age who has been voluntarily recruited into governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces; or. This man seemed perfect, supplementing his mother’s income, buying Ted presents, and adding stability to their family. The President further certified that the governments of the above countries are taking effective and continuing steps to address the problems of child soldiers. Stylistically, the 2003 TIP Report went through one of the most noticeable visual transformations. While the factory owners paid Madhu a small daily salary, they physically threatened him, forced him to work when ill, and restricted all his movements for four years. Nigeria Switzerland In research on the topic, trauma bonding is commonly referred to as “Stockholm Syndrome,” and the terms may be used interchangeably. The often insufficient oversight by sport governing bodies and lack of government enforcement further allows unscrupulous agents to operate. Page 44: Paula Bronstein The UN and other organizations carrying out peace operations, and troop- and police-contributing countries must reflect on peacekeepers’ positions of power and privilege relative to the host population and the myriad ways this dynamic contributes to sexual exploitation and abuse. Other agents, who are actually traffickers, have a longer-term scheme, where they vie to establish themselves within young athletes’ circle of trust and instill a sense of dependency as early as possible. 333, to the extent that the CSPA would restrict such assistance or support; to waive the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to South Sudan to allow for the provision of PKO assistance, to the extent that the CSPA would restrict such assistance or support; and to waive the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Yemen to allow for the provision of PKO assistance and DoD support provided pursuant to 10 U.S.C. Pages 36-37: Getty Images Peacekeeping Operations Each TIP Report country narrative lays out a justification for the tier ranking followed by prioritized recommendations for how the government can better meet the TVPA minimum standards. The growing number of young players aspiring to become professional athletes and the potential to sign the next greatest deal inevitably draws human traffickers looking to profit from the exploitation of players’ dreams. The 2004 TIP Report collected this data for the first time. Mr. Baraka reported that her family did not know where she was. Consistent with the TVPA, the President may also determine to instruct the U.S. Executive Director of each multilateral development bank and the International Monetary Fund to vote against and use their best efforts to deny any loans or other uses of the institutions’ funds to a designated Tier 3 country for most purposes (except for humanitarian, trade-related, and certain development-related assistance). As of April 15, PKO funding was obligated for the following activities: oversight, assessment, and travel. These types of activities can help increase the general understanding of what constitutes human trafficking and spur new institutional approaches for combating it. For 20 years, the Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP Report) has demonstrated the United States’ conviction that human trafficking is a global threat necessitating a global response. The courage and resilience of victims and survivors cannot be overstated. Namibia Page 34: Getty Images Mai Shiozaki-Lynch While the term “substance use disorder” may carry less stigma, the term “addiction” is used, not pejoratively, in legal and criminal justice cases and by medical experts to describe this complex condition. During the past five years, while representing the survivor, Ho raised awareness of the dire need for a human trafficking law in Hong Kong and uplifted the survivor’s voice in advocating for better treatment of victims in Hong Kong. A government’s failure to appropriately address public allegations against such public officials, especially once such officials have returned to their home countries, shall be considered inaction under these criteria. As the civil society representative on the National Coordination Committee Against Trafficking in Persons, he successfully lobbied for the formal opening of the government’s anti-trafficking fund to provide services to trafficking victims and train law enforcement and victim protection officers. In 2014, Embassy Santiago in Chile organized an ongoing anti-trafficking working group comprising NGOs, international organizations, and foreign embassies. Handbook – How to prevent human trafficking for domestic servitude in diplomatic households and protect private domestic workers (2014): http://www.osce.org/handbook/domesticservitude. Today, the vast majority of governments acknowledge the devastating effects of human trafficking, and most governments have taken steps to combat it. Whether the government of the country achieves appreciable progress in eliminating severe forms of trafficking when compared to the assessment in the previous year. Ukraine Yemen. We know that human traffickers prey upon the most vulnerable and look for opportunities to exploit them. In addition, thanks to their efforts, the victims were safely repatriated. Amy O’Neill Richard Thank you, Mr. Organizations called by their faith to help address human trafficking can play an important role both locally and around the world. For years, Lāsma Stabiņa has driven Latvia’s anti-trafficking response. United Kingdom These research gaps create uncertainty regarding the prevalence and full impact of trauma bonding on all human trafficking victims globally. I am grateful to State Department officers around the world, ambassadors, and the Secretary for prioritizing the production of this report. The narrative text of the introductory section evolved from providing minimal explanation of human trafficking and the purpose of the report, to covering a variety of human trafficking issues and current trends. As a result, several Quranic schools have committed to no longer send their children to beg, and the National Federation of Quranic Teachers is working with the Ministry of Family and Child Protection to push for the adoption of the Daara Modernization Law by the National Assembly. We are leading by example as we encourage governments, survivors, NGOs, industry leaders, communities of faith, and advocates in every country to remain steadfast in the protection of human dignity and the pursuit of freedom. For 20 years, the Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP Report) has demonstrated the United States’ conviction that human trafficking is a global threat necessitating a global response. Kerry McBride While overcoming government threats early on and innumerable other obstacles throughout her career, she has demonstrated resilience and further committed to women’s empowerment and anti-trafficking efforts. Solomon Islands Since 2005, the TIP Report has collected from governments anti-trafficking law enforcement data, which provide insight into trends over time. Joshua Youle [Scroll bar is available at the bottom of the table; or download PDF version [44 KB]. Staff serving as victim rights advocates are now posted in high-risk peacekeeping operations to provide victims with adequate protection, appropriate assistance, and reliable recourse to justice. The chart to the right reflects the number of full restrictions, partial waivers, and full waivers provided annually since 2014. The first efforts to address trafficking in persons focused heavily on combating the sex trafficking of women and girls. The first TIP Report included 82 country narratives based on information received from embassies and consulates abroad, which gathered information including from host governments and law enforcement officials, NGOs, U.S. agencies, and journalists. One pressing need is for governments to end the practice of state-sponsored forced labor. Michelle Cooper Bloom This report arms governments with the data they need to increase the prosecution of traffickers, provide victim-centered and trauma-informed protection for victims of trafficking, and prevent this crime altogether. All countries must continually increase efforts to combat trafficking. Within the past several years, the United States has prosecuted multiple sex trafficking cases in which the perpetrator used addiction as a tool of coercion. My name’s John Richmond, and I have the honor of serving the team at the Trafficking in Persons Office at the Department of … efforts, however laudable, undertaken exclusively by nongovernmental actors in the country; general public awareness events—government-sponsored or otherwise—lacking concrete ties to the prosecution of traffickers, protection of victims, or prevention of trafficking; and. 333 Within Europe’s soccer industry alone, it is estimated there are 15,000 human trafficking victims each year. Haley L. Sands Shelly Westebbe Over the years, there have been TIP Report Heroes who are survivors of trafficking, doctors, lawyers, social workers, police officers, religious and business leaders, and journalists, among many others. Some traffickers recruit directly from detox and addiction treatment facilities. Trafficking in Persons Report tier placements; Country Location Through Al-Shehab, she helps hundreds of vulnerable women and human trafficking survivors every year transition from their life of exploitation by providing them with legal aid, social services, psychological support, and vocational training. Through the TIP Report’s minimum standards, the TVPA recognizes that countries that send troops to participate in peacekeeping missions should be responsible for training their troops on human trafficking and holding those troops accountable if they engage, while on such missions, in inappropriate behavior, including human trafficking. South Sudan For players offered a position on a team, the traffickers posing as agents have already established a relationship with the athlete and are well-positioned to control the course of the athlete’s career. Once she arrived in a major city in Ghana, the recruiter demanded $1,500 for the cost of transportation and turned her over to a madam who used a local fetish priest to perform a ritual that obligated her to repay the debt. Luxembourg Sri Lanka Nigeria Norway Shonnie R. Ball Macau ROMANIA: Tier 2 Watch List. The OSCE is providing workshops and training to participating States on financial investigations into trafficking, using technology to combat trafficking, preventing trafficking in organizations’ supply chains, and identifying trafficking victims. In 2018, Matewere helped spur a fruitful collaboration between the Malawi government’s National Trafficking in Persons Coordinator and the Ministry of Homeland Security, resulting in trainings and awareness campaigns across the country. In her role as advisor, she continues to provide critical support and guidance to HAART’s victims’ assistance program. Greg Hermsmeyer Dominican Republic Pages 6-7: Getty Images Since 2001, the TIP Report has continued to evolve in both substance and design. However, reports of human trafficking in organized soccer under FIFA, including cases involving children, continue to surface. Ho provides trainings and seminars to the legal community in Hong Kong on ways to protect trafficking victims. The complex relationship between addiction and both labor and sex trafficking is recognized by the United States criminal justice system. Some countries are attractive destinations for perpetrators who take advantage of weak rule of law, poverty, or the opportunity to engage in “voluntourism.” A relatively new form of extraterritorial commercial child sexual exploitation and abuse involves the use of livestreaming, chat, and payment platforms. June 25, 2020 The United States Department of State has released the 20th edition of the Trafficking in Persons Report , which provides an overview of the impacts these reports have had over the past 20 years through-out the world. Page 63: © Moises Saman/Magnum Photos Sandy Perez Rousseau Rather, a Tier 1 ranking indicates that a government has made efforts to address the problem that meet the TVPA’s minimum standards. 2010 – To ensure it held itself to the same standards it applied to all other countries, the TIP Report included a ranking of the United States for the first time. That year, the report emphasized the importance of the actions taken by “ordinary citizens around the world.” Since then, the TIP Report has featured 146 heroes from more than 75 countries, and it has become clear that these are not just ordinary citizens – they are individuals with an extraordinary passion and commitment to a world where freedom prevails. Page 11: Smita Sharma Huy eventually escaped by breaking a second story window, jumping out of the house, and running until he found a train station. [107 KB] [Click image for larger PDF version [107 KB]]. She is now a survivor leader in her community. Yet, when governments take action and lead, progress toward a world free from human trafficking is possible. The 2003 reauthorization of the TVPA added to the original law a new requirement that foreign governments provide the Department of State with data on trafficking investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and sentences in order to fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking (Tier 1). Kazakhstan The government demonstrated overall increasing efforts compared to the previous reporting period; therefore Tunisia remained on Tier 2. The government of the country should make serious and sustained efforts to eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons. Over the past two decades, her organization has assisted more than 16,000 people. Page 41: Reuters Rwanda Ninety days after the submission of the TIP Report to Congress, the TVPA requires the President to make a determination on whether and to what extent to impose such foreign assistance restrictions on Tier 3 governments. In 2012, Embassy Skopje in North Macedonia organized an award ceremony for Ministry of Labor social workers, praising their outstanding commitment to providing protection, care, and assistance to victims of trafficking. Her trafficker was sentenced to prison for human trafficking, among other crimes. When Kim was 12, she began working with her parents to help pay off the debt. In 2019, U.S. You can now read the U.S. Department of State’s 2020 Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Report. Heroes have been strong advocates – a first lady, a queen, a pop star, and a former senator. The Department ranked China, Russia, and Uzbekistan on Tier 3 that year. A second law amended the TVPA to limit a country to one year on the Tier 2 Watch List after that country received a waiver to stay on the Watch List and was subsequently downgraded to Tier 3. Countries whose governments do not fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards and are not making significant efforts to do so. They characterize the many—though not all—forms of human trafficking and the wide variety of places in which they occur, although each could take place almost anywhere in the world. Section 1. He abused her emotionally and physically. Lieutenant Colonel Karma Rigzin, a former UN peacekeeper, serves as Additional Superintendent of the Royal Bhutan Police (RBP) Woman and Child Protection Division. In 2018, T’ruah was the first Jewish organization to join the Alliance to End Slavery and Trafficking. Though not mandated by Congress, the introduction has in many ways become a public outreach tool in and of itself. Uzbekistan Morocco In these instances, traffickers follow the same plan of signing an exploitative contract if the player is selected or abandonment upon failure. Troop- and police-contributing countries rarely initiate and complete criminal proceedings against alleged perpetrators and, as a result, complicit peacekeepers largely act with impunity. Trafficking in Persons Report 2020 June 25, 2020 Secretary Pompeo, joined by Ivanka Trump and Ambassador John Cotton Richmond, unveiled the 2020 Trafficking in Persons Report and honored TIP Report Heroes on June 25 at the State Department. Throughout the year, the report serves as a roadmap for diplomatic engagement with governments around the world on human trafficking. Panama Papua New Guinea The TIP Report not only serves as a warning for governments with weak anti-trafficking policies, it offers a road map for governments, NGOs, advocates, and other stakeholders to engage and create public-private partnerships. Aggregate data fluctuates from one year to the next due to the hidden nature of trafficking crimes, dynamic global events, shifts in government efforts, and a lack of uniformity in national reporting structures. Among other steps, governments must end state-sponsored forced labor; they must increase prosecutions of human traffickers; and they should expand their efforts to identify and care for trafficking victims, while ensuring they are not punished for crimes traffickers compelled them to commit. Burkina Faso Heroes also have been personally affected by trafficking: a mother whose daughter was kidnapped by the Lord’s Resistance Army; a fisherman forced to work at sea for four years; a former talibé who now provides shelter to street children; and an activist who secured the release of ISIS captives. This truncated narrative gives a few examples. 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